As of 2024, the continent of South America comprises 12 independent countries and three dependent territories.
1. Argentina
Capital: Buenos Aires
Population: Over 45 million
Area: 2,780,400 square kilometers
Official Languages: Spanish
Currency: Argentine Peso (ARS)
ISO country codes: AR
Argentina, situated in the southern part of South America, is renowned for its diverse landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and passion for football. Its capital city, Buenos Aires, is a vibrant metropolis known for its European-style architecture, tango music, and delicious cuisine. With a population of over 3 million, Buenos Aires is the largest city in Argentina. Other major cities include:
Buenos Aires
As the capital and largest city of Argentina, Buenos Aires is the cultural, economic, and political heart of the country. It boasts stunning landmarks like the Casa Rosada and the iconic Obelisco, along with vibrant neighborhoods such as La Boca and Palermo.
Córdoba
Córdoba is Argentina’s second-largest city and a major cultural and economic center. It is famous for its well-preserved colonial architecture, lively student population, and vibrant arts scene. The Jesuit Block and Estancias of Córdoba, a UNESCO World Heritage site, reflect its rich history.
Rosario
Rosario, located on the banks of the Paraná River, is Argentina’s third-largest city and an important industrial center. It is known for its picturesque waterfront, cultural institutions like the National Flag Memorial, and as the birthplace of revolutionary leader Che Guevara.
2. Bolivia
Capital: La Paz (seat of government)
Population: Over 11 million
Area: 1,098,581 square kilometers
Official Languages: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara
Currency: Boliviano (BOB)
ISO country codes: BO
Bolivia, nestled in the heart of South America, is characterized by its diverse geography, indigenous culture, and colorful festivals. The seat of government, La Paz, stands as the world’s highest capital city, perched at over 3,600 meters above sea level. With a population exceeding 2 million, La Paz is a bustling urban center. Other significant cities include:
La Paz
As the administrative capital, La Paz is a melting pot of cultures and traditions. Its unique setting amidst towering mountains provides stunning vistas. The Witches’ Market, Plaza Murillo, and Valle de la Luna are among its notable attractions.
Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Santa Cruz de la Sierra is Bolivia’s largest city and its economic powerhouse. Situated in the eastern lowlands, it boasts a tropical climate and a thriving business district. The Biocentro Güembé and Jesuit Missions are popular landmarks.
Cochabamba
Cochabamba, often called the “City of Eternal Spring,” is famous for its pleasant climate and fertile valleys. It serves as a cultural hub, hosting events like the Cochabamba International Film Festival. The Cristo de la Concordia statue overlooks the city.
3. Brazil
Capital: Brasília
Population: Over 213 million
Area: 8,515,767 square kilometers
Official Languages: Portuguese
Currency: Brazilian Real (BRL)
ISO country codes: BR
Brazil, the largest country in South America, is celebrated for its diverse ecosystems, carnival spirit, and legendary football legacy. Its capital city, Brasília, is a masterpiece of modernist architecture. With a population exceeding 3 million, Brasília is a dynamic cultural center. Other key cities include:
Brasília
Brasília, Brazil’s capital, is a UNESCO World Heritage site renowned for its innovative urban design by architect Oscar Niemeyer. Its monumental buildings, including the National Congress and Cathedral of Brasília, reflect futuristic aesthetics.
São Paulo
São Paulo stands as Brazil’s largest city and financial hub. It is a melting pot of cultures, boasting world-class museums, restaurants, and theaters. Avenida Paulista, Ibirapuera Park, and São Paulo Museum of Art are iconic landmarks.
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro, famous for its breathtaking landscapes and vibrant culture, is home to iconic landmarks like Christ the Redeemer and Sugarloaf Mountain. Its Carnival celebrations, Copacabana Beach, and Tijuca National Park draw millions of visitors annually.
4. Chile
Capital: Santiago
Population: Over 19 million
Area: 756,102 square kilometers
Official Languages: Spanish
Currency: Chilean Peso (CLP)
ISO country codes: CL
Chile, a land of contrasts, boasts a diverse geography ranging from the Atacama Desert to the glaciers of Patagonia. Its capital, Santiago, nestled in the central valley, serves as the country’s political and cultural nucleus. With a population of over 6 million, Santiago is a bustling metropolis. Other significant cities include:
Santiago
Santiago, nestled between the Andes and the Coastal Range, offers a mix of modernity and tradition. Its historic downtown, bustling markets, and vibrant nightlife make it a must-visit destination. The city is also a gateway to nearby vineyards and ski resorts.
Valparaíso
Valparaíso, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is renowned for its colorful hillside neighborhoods and bohemian atmosphere. Its historic funiculars, street art, and panoramic views of the Pacific Ocean attract artists and travelers alike.
Concepción
Concepción, located in the fertile Biobío Region, is a major industrial and educational center. It offers a relaxed lifestyle, with nearby beaches and natural reserves. The University of Concepción and Plaza de la Independencia are notable landmarks.
5. Colombia
Capital: Bogotá
Population: Over 51 million
Area: 1,141,748 square kilometers
Official Languages: Spanish
Currency: Colombian Peso (COP)
ISO country codes: CO
Colombia, situated at the crossroads of the Americas, is known for its biodiversity, coffee culture, and warm hospitality. Its capital, Bogotá, nestled in the Andean highlands, is a vibrant metropolis. With a population exceeding 50 million, Bogotá is Colombia’s largest city. Other major urban centers include:
Bogotá
Bogotá, a melting pot of cultures and influences, offers a rich tapestry of history and modernity. Its colonial architecture, thriving arts scene, and culinary delights make it a dynamic destination. The Gold Museum and Monserrate Hill are must-see attractions.
Medellín
Medellín, once infamous for its violence, has undergone a remarkable transformation into a bustling metropolis. Known as the “City of Eternal Spring,” it boasts pleasant weather year-round and innovative urban projects like the Metrocable. Plaza Botero and Comuna 13 are highlights.
Cali
Cali, renowned as the salsa capital of the world, pulsates with rhythm and energy. Its vibrant nightlife, salsa clubs, and cultural festivals attract dancers and music enthusiasts from around the globe. San Antonio and Cristo Rey Hill offer panoramic views of the city.
6. Ecuador
Capital: Quito
Population: Over 17 million
Area: 283,561 square kilometers
Official Languages: Spanish
Currency: United States Dollar (USD)
ISO country codes: EC
Ecuador, straddling the equator on the northwest coast of South America, is a land of diverse landscapes, from the Amazon rainforest to the Galápagos Islands. Its capital, Quito, nestled in the Andean highlands, is one of the world’s highest capitals. With a population exceeding 17 million, Quito is a thriving cultural center. Other notable cities include:
Quito
Quito, a UNESCO World Heritage site, enchants visitors with its well-preserved colonial architecture and stunning vistas. The historic center, with landmarks like the Basilica del Voto Nacional and Plaza de la Independencia, is a testament to its rich history.
Guayaquil
Guayaquil, Ecuador’s largest city and main port, is a bustling commercial hub with a tropical flair. Its Malecón 2000 waterfront promenade, Las Peñas neighborhood, and Parque Histórico offer a glimpse into its vibrant culture and heritage.
Cuenca
Cuenca, nestled in the Andean highlands, exudes colonial charm and tranquility. Its well-preserved historic center, adorned with cobblestone streets and ornate churches, invites exploration. The Tomebamba River and nearby Cajas National Park provide natural beauty.
7. Guyana
Capital: Georgetown
Population: Over 780,000
Area: 214,969 square kilometers
Official Languages: English
Currency: Guyanese Dollar (GYD)
ISO country codes: GY
Guyana, situated on the northeastern coast of South America, is known for its pristine rainforests, diverse wildlife, and rich cultural heritage. Its capital, Georgetown, located on the Atlantic coast, serves as the cultural and administrative center. With a population of over 780,000, Georgetown is the largest city. Other significant urban areas include:
Georgetown
Georgetown, with its colonial architecture and vibrant markets, offers a blend of Caribbean and South American influences. St. George’s Cathedral, Stabroek Market, and the Parliament Building are among its notable landmarks.
Linden
Linden, located along the Demerara River, is known for its bauxite mining industry and lush rainforest surroundings. Its botanical gardens, Kaieteur Falls, and mining museum showcase the region’s natural and cultural heritage.
New Amsterdam
New Amsterdam, a historic town on the eastern bank of the Berbice River, reflects its Dutch colonial past. Its wooden architecture, bustling markets, and Fort Nassau are reminders of its rich history and maritime importance.
8. Paraguay
Capital: Asunción
Population: Over 7 million
Area: 406,752 square kilometers
Official Languages: Spanish, Guarani
Currency: Paraguayan Guarani (PYG)
ISO country codes: PY
Paraguay, located in the heart of South America, is known for its Guarani culture, lush landscapes, and welcoming people. Its capital, Asunción, situated on the eastern bank of the Paraguay River, is one of the oldest cities in South America. With a population exceeding 7 million, Asunción is a vibrant cultural hub. Other major cities include:
Asunción
Asunción, with its colonial architecture and lively markets, offers a glimpse into Paraguay’s rich history and traditions. The National Pantheon of the Heroes, Ñandutí Market, and Loma San Jerónimo provide cultural insights.
Ciudad del Este
Ciudad del Este, located on the border with Brazil and Argentina, is a bustling commercial center known for its shopping districts and vibrant atmosphere. The Friendship Bridge and Itaipu Dam attract visitors from neighboring countries.
Encarnación
Encarnación, situated on the banks of the Paraná River, is famed for its lively Carnival celebrations and riverfront promenade. The Jesuit ruins of Trinidad and nearby Jesús de Tavarangue offer glimpses into the region’s history.
9. Peru
Capital: Lima
Population: Over 32 million
Area: 1,285,216 square kilometers
Official Languages: Spanish, Quechua
Currency: Peruvian Sol (PEN)
ISO country codes: PE
Peru, located on the western coast of South America, is celebrated for its ancient ruins, diverse landscapes, and rich cultural heritage. Its capital, Lima, situated on the Pacific coast, is the country’s political, cultural, and economic center. With a population exceeding 32 million, Lima is a bustling metropolis. Other significant cities include:
Lima
Lima, a UNESCO World Heritage site, blends colonial splendor with modernity. Its historic downtown, with landmarks like Plaza Mayor and the Cathedral of Lima, reflects its colonial past. Miraflores and Barranco offer coastal charm and cultural vibrancy.
Cusco
Cusco, once the capital of the Inca Empire, is a treasure trove of archaeological wonders and Andean culture. The iconic Machu Picchu, Sacsayhuamán fortress, and Qorikancha temple are among its must-see attractions.
Arequipa
Arequipa, known as the White City for its colonial buildings constructed from white volcanic rock, exudes charm and elegance. Its historic center, with landmarks like the Santa Catalina Monastery and Plaza de Armas, is a UNESCO World Heritage site.
10. Suriname
Capital: Paramaribo
Population: Over 600,000
Area: 163,820 square kilometers
Official Languages: Dutch
Currency: Surinamese Dollar (SRD)
ISO country codes: SR
Suriname, nestled on the northeastern coast of South America, is known for its lush rainforests, diverse wildlife, and multicultural heritage. Its capital, Paramaribo, situated on the Suriname River, is the cultural, political, and economic center. With a population exceeding 600,000, Paramaribo is the largest city. Other significant urban areas include:
Paramaribo
Paramaribo, with its blend of Dutch colonial and Caribbean influences, offers a unique cultural experience. The Historic Inner City of Paramaribo, with its wooden architecture and vibrant markets, is a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Nieuw Nickerie
Nieuw Nickerie, located near the border with Guyana, is a bustling port town known for its rice and banana cultivation. Its vibrant marketplaces and cultural festivals showcase the region’s agricultural heritage.
Lelydorp
Lelydorp, a rapidly growing suburban town inland from Paramaribo, is known for its residential communities and agricultural production. Its tranquil atmosphere and proximity to nature make it an ideal retreat from city life.
11. Uruguay
Capital: Montevideo
Population: Over 3 million
Area: 176,215 square kilometers
Official Languages: Spanish
Currency: Uruguayan Peso (UYU)
ISO country codes: UY
Uruguay, located in the southeastern part of South America, is known for its progressive politics, stunning beaches, and rich cultural heritage. Its capital, Montevideo, situated on the southern coast, is the cultural, political, and economic center. With a population exceeding 3 million, Montevideo is a vibrant metropolis. Other major cities include:
Montevideo
Montevideo, with its blend of colonial architecture and modern skyscrapers, offers a dynamic urban experience. The Rambla waterfront, Ciudad Vieja, and Mercado del Puerto showcase its cultural richness.
Salto
Salto, located on the Uruguay River, is known for its hot springs and citrus production. Its thermal resorts, such as Termas del Arapey and Termas del Daymán, attract visitors seeking relaxation and wellness.
Punta del Este
Punta del Este, a glamorous resort town on the Atlantic coast, is famed for its beautiful beaches and upscale resorts. Its lively nightlife, trendy boutiques, and iconic landmarks like La Mano offer a glimpse into its cosmopolitan allure.
12. Venezuela
Capital: Caracas
Population: Over 28 million
Area: 916,445 square kilometers
Official Languages: Spanish
Currency: Venezuelan Bolívar (VES)
ISO country codes: VE
Venezuela, situated on the northern coast of South America, is known for its stunning landscapes, rich biodiversity, and cultural heritage. Its capital, Caracas, nestled in a valley surrounded by mountains, is the cultural, political, and economic center. With a population exceeding 28 million, Caracas is a bustling metropolis. Other significant cities include:
Caracas
Caracas, with its blend of modern skyscrapers and colonial architecture, offers a vibrant urban experience. The Ávila National Park, Plaza Bolívar, and El Hatillo showcase its natural beauty and cultural richness.
Maracaibo
Maracaibo, located on the western shore of Lake Maracaibo, is Venezuela’s second-largest city and main oil hub. Its iconic bridge, the Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá, and lively Malecón provide glimpses into its history and culture.
Valencia
Valencia, situated in the heart of Venezuela, is an industrial and cultural center known for its festivals and gastronomy. Its Aquarium of Valencia, Lomas del Río Park, and historic center offer recreational and cultural opportunities.